Russian President Vladimir Putin said Ukrainian attacks during a 40-day campaign caused damage equivalent to about 1% of Russia’s gross domestic product (GDP), while describing the impact as substantial but not critical. He said about 100 Russian ships were damaged, including roughly 40 in the first two weeks, and that only about 10% of Russia’s refineries remained to be repaired after drone attacks. The strikes disrupted a Black Sea route handling more than 70% of Russian grain exports and affected shipments of oil, steel and coal. Russia’s seaborne crude exports fell to 3.46 million barrels a day in the four weeks through Aug. 23, while three major grain terminals at Novorossiysk stopped operating after a major drone attack. Putin said Russia would respond if Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy follows through on a threat to effectively close Russian airspace to commercial aviation with mass drone deployments.