Europe's summer heatwaves and drought are driving the Rhine, Danube and Po to record or exceptionally low levels, disrupting barge freight and some fuel deliveries, forcing more than six nuclear reactors to shut or reduce output, and cutting agricultural productivity. Economists and researchers estimate the damage has already reached hundreds of billions of euros and could surpass previous records after all-time June and July temperatures, with corn and sunflower yields down 6% to 7% by July and Germany recording more than 10,000 heat-related deaths. Southern Europe is seen as most exposed through weaker peak-summer tourism, food-price pressures and lower tax revenues, while Moody's estimated last summer's European heatwaves caused €43 billion of lost output but only about €500 million of insured payouts.