Annual total income for South Koreans aged 66 and over rose 79.2%, from 7.748 million won in 2013 to 13.884 million won in 2023, as public pensions became a larger source of retirement income. Their share of total income increased from 16.5% to 28.2%, while private transfers from children and other relatives fell from 20.9% to 12.1%. National Pension-only recipients received 26.478 million won annually in 2023, 3.1 times the 8.406 million won received by Basic Pension-only recipients. The study also found a sharp increase in dual-pension recipients and continued dependence on family support among low-income seniors. Separate data show that Basic Pension reductions linked to National Pension payouts reached 80.44 billion won by the end of last year, while the number of affected beneficiaries rose to 842,000. In 2024, 9.12 million people aged 65 and over received at least one pension, but the number of contributors aged 18 to 59 declined to 23.48 million, intensifying concerns about pension sustainability and the division of responsibilities between the two programs.