Research by the Bitcoin Policy Institute, Cygnal and Neighborhood Bitcoin found that personal-control messages outperformed Bitcoin’s "digital gold" framing among everyday Americans. In a final survey of 1,000 registered voters, 61% wanted to learn more about owning Bitcoin, while 74% had little or no confidence that the dollar would retain its value in coming years. Messages including "You decide how much" and "You can track the activity yourself" performed best, and interest increased after respondents viewed 19 tested messages. Respondents trusted personal financial advisers, retirement experts, and friends or family who owned Bitcoin more than media figures, business leaders or public officials. Separate Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland research linked ownership more strongly to expected returns than to demographic variables.