The annual total income of South Koreans aged 66 and over rose 79.2%, from 7.748 million won in 2013 to 13.884 million won in 2023, as public pensions expanded. The share of income from public pensions increased from 16.5% to 28.2%, while private transfers from children and other relatives fell from 20.9% to 12.1%. However, inequality between recipient groups widened: people receiving only the national pension had annual income of 26.478 million won, compared with 8.406 million won for those receiving only the basic pension. The National Pension Research Institute said public pensions strengthened the elderly income safety net and reduced family dependence, but called for clearer roles for the two schemes and stronger retirement-income policies for low-income seniors who rely heavily on the basic pension.