About 825,000 people worldwide may hold at least 1 BTC, or roughly 0.01% of the global population and one person in every 10,000, River estimated. That compares with roughly 57.5 million millionaires worldwide, making whole-Bitcoin ownership about 70 times rarer. River began with approximately 972,000 on-chain addresses holding at least 1 BTC, removed corporate, government, exchange-traded fund and exchange-controlled holdings, and estimated exchange customers using the distribution of ownership visible on-chain. The resulting estimate has a plausible range of 600,000 to 1 million people. Bitcoin's 21 million supply cap, with roughly 20.1 million coins mined, limits the potential number of whole-coin holders even as institutional demand through spot Bitcoin ETFs and corporate treasuries grows. River previously estimated that individuals control roughly two-thirds of circulating supply, although the number of individual holders is difficult to measure because addresses do not map directly to people.