Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni’s government, which took office in October 2022, will become the longest-serving administration in the history of the Italian Republic on September 4. Its coalition has pursued major changes to the judiciary, premiership, regional powers, immigration policy, security, taxation and welfare, but results have varied. A constitutional judicial reform was decisively rejected in a March referendum, while plans for the direct election of the prime minister stalled after Senate approval in June 2024 and will not be completed before the next elections. A law granting greater regional powers was approved in 2024, but the Constitutional Court struck down key sections, leaving it in limbo. The government tightened asylum and anti-smuggling rules, reached migration agreements with North African states and expanded repatriations. Its plan for two detention centres in Albania was delayed by legal challenges and is now mainly operating as a repatriation facility for migrants already transferred from Italy, rather than the offshore asylum-processing system originally promoted by Meloni. The government also introduced tougher measures covering illegal raves, migrant-smuggling offenses, wildfire arson, youth crime, protests, prison riots, squatting and other public-order matters. Its tax agenda reduced income-tax bands from four to three and included measures for the self-employed, although Italy’s total tax burden has barely changed over the past four years. The coalition abolished the Citizens’ Income welfare scheme, replaced it with more restrictive benefits and stricter work requirements, and reduced tax evasion by promoting digital payments.