Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni’s government, which took office in October 2022, will become the longest-serving administration in the history of the Italian Republic on September 4. Its legislative record has produced varied outcomes. A proposed judicial overhaul went to a constitutional referendum and was decisively rejected in March. Plans for the direct election of the prime minister, described by Meloni as the “mother of all reforms,” stalled after initial Senate approval in June 2024 and will not be enacted before the next elections. The differentiated-autonomy law, promoted by the far-right coalition League party, granted regions greater powers, but the Constitutional Court struck down key provisions, leaving the legislation in limbo. The government tightened asylum and anti-smuggling rules, reached migration agreements with North African states and expanded repatriations. Its plan to build two detention centres in Albania was delayed by legal challenges and is now mainly operating as a repatriation facility for migrants already transferred from Italy, rather than the offshore asylum-processing system originally promoted by Meloni. Security measures introduced new offences for illegal raves, tougher anti-smuggling rules after a migrant shipwreck, higher penalties for wildfire arson and youth crime, and a broad 2025 security decree covering protests, prison riots, squatting and other public-order offences. Meloni also reduced income-tax bands from four to three and pursued measures benefiting self-employed workers, while Italy’s total tax burden barely changed over the past four years because some cuts were offset by tighter deductions for higher-income taxpayers. The government abolished the Citizens’ Income welfare scheme, replacing it with more restrictive benefits and stricter work requirements, and figures showed reduced tax evasion linked to greater use of digital payments.