Artificial-intelligence infrastructure is consuming available memory production, pushing DRAM prices more than 200% higher year over year and extending shortages beyond AI data centers to automotive, medical-device and personal-computer makers. Dan Kim, chief strategy officer at TechInsights, rates current market dysfunction at eight out of 10 and expects it to reach 10 and remain there through at least the end of 2027. Meaningful new supply is not expected until late 2027 or early 2028, while high-bandwidth memory used with AI accelerators is effectively sold out. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., SK Hynix Inc. and Micron Technology Inc. still control most mainstream DRAM production, but Chinese manufacturers are expanding: ChangXin Memory Technologies, or CXMT, raised its global DRAM revenue share to 10% in the second quarter from 4% a year earlier, while Yangtze Memory Technologies increased its NAND share to 14% from 9%.