Immigrants seeking permanent residence in the United States can face green-card rejection under a Trump administration rule that took effect Friday and expands the factors immigration officers may consider when assessing whether applicants are likely to become a public charge. The policy brings Medicaid, food stamps, tuition assistance and free school lunch programs, among other benefits, within potential scrutiny, while allowing officers to use judgment rather than applying a fixed list. The Department of Homeland Security estimates the rule could reduce federal and state payments by $13 billion annually by persuading about 950,000 people to avoid or leave safety-net programs. New York, 21 other states, the District of Columbia and several cities sued, warning of harm to mixed-status families and U.S. citizen children. The rule covers numerous family, skilled-worker and religious-worker categories but excludes asylum seekers and refugees. A similar policy introduced during Trump's first administration was later blocked by courts and was associated with reduced enrollment in noncash assistance programs among households lacking a green card.