Jet fuel markets remain under pressure as disruptions around the Strait of Hormuz and the broader Middle East constrain refined-fuel flows, although nearly 900,000 tonnes of Asian cargoes scheduled for Europe should reduce the risk of widespread physical shortages. European jet fuel averaged $207.56 (€176) a barrel last week, up 27.8% from the previous month's average, while tighter diesel markets and higher crude prices and refinery margins are keeping prices elevated. Kpler data showed European jet fuel imports averaging approximately 672,000 barrels per day in September, including intra-European movements, with South Korea, Nigeria and the United States supplying around 60%; South Korea accounted for almost 87% of the 1.31 million tonnes shipped from Asia-Pacific to Europe between July and September. Increased European refinery output, additional US and Nigerian cargoes, and storage withdrawals have so far prevented a broad shortage, but the UK and France remain vulnerable and smaller airports could face supply problems first. Seasonal aviation demand typically falls in November, while the International Energy Agency expects Middle Eastern supply recovery to be delayed until 2027, leaving airlines more exposed to higher operating costs than widespread groundings. In the United States, jet fuel demand was reported at 1.8 million barrels per day and Jet-A retail prices averaged $8.49 per gallon in September 2026. Market odds of crude oil reaching a new all-time high by December 31 fell to 10.5% from 12% 24 hours earlier.