The Netherlands is preparing to replace its Box 3 wealth-tax framework with a system based on actual investment returns from Jan. 1, 2028. The House of Representatives approved the Actual Return Box 3 Act on Feb. 12, sending it to the Senate, where a final vote remains pending. Under the bill, cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin would generally be subject to annual taxation on income and value changes, potentially creating liabilities on unrealized gains. Losses could be carried forward. During a parliamentary debate, the state secretary grouped crypto with cognac, gold, silver and Pokémon cards while explaining why it was excluded from a proposed tax amendment; lawmakers also discussed whether crypto ETFs could receive different treatment from directly held cryptocurrency. Real estate and qualifying startup and scale-up shares would generally receive realized-gains treatment, while crypto is not included in that exception. A separate government proposal would extend realized-gains taxation to financial instruments from 2028 and eventually move remaining Box 3 assets to that model. EU DAC8 reporting rules are expanding the tax information available to Dutch authorities.