Europe now supplies about 70% of the components used in Bull’s supercomputers, up from 20%-30% five years ago, Chief Executive Emmanuel Le Roux said. Boards, interconnects, cooling equipment and an increasing share of processors can be sourced within Europe, while memory remains the principal gap. Bull, now owned by the French state, recently doubled production capacity at its Angers factory from six to 12 racks per month and could reach 24 by 2027. The company built JUPITER, Europe’s first exascale supercomputer, while the European Union plans about €7 billion of investment through 2027 to expand domestic AI computing capacity. European processor development includes SiPearl, in which Bull holds a stake, as well as Vsora and Openchip, but processors represent only about 10%-20% of a supercomputer’s value. Memory has become a major cost pressure as AI systems require increasing volumes of DRAM and high-bandwidth memory. Samsung, SK Hynix and Micron produce over 90% of memory worldwide, and rising memory costs have pushed some Nvidia server prices more than 15% higher. The broader AI infrastructure buildout also depends on networking, cooling and power, with shortages in any one component raising system costs and adding pressure to the trillions of dollars needed to finance global AI infrastructure.